作为一名优秀的人民教师,教学是我们的工作之一,对教学中的新发现可以写在教学反思中,那么优秀的教学反思是什么样的呢?旧书不厌百回读,熟读精思子自知,本文是小编午夜帮大伙儿收集的《刷子李》教学反思优秀13篇。
《刷子李》是人教版小学语文五年级下册第七单元的一篇略读课文,“刷子李”是生活于市井里巷的凡夫俗子中的奇人高手,他绝妙的粉刷技艺应该是民间艺术之海中一朵晶莹的浪花。本文写得生动有趣,融方言幽默于一炉,叙事一波三析,人物形象丰满,是一篇艺术性和趣味性都较强的文章。在本单元教学中应以语言教学为立足点,引导学生揣摩品味重要句子,注意语言的感悟和积累,加强朗读教学,领会文中的思想感情。
这是一篇略读课文,在教学中,我力求让学生通过自读自悟的'方法对课文进行阅读,首先,我让学生自读课前的阅读提示,让学生从课前的阅读提示中捕捉出编写者索要让学生领悟的问题,并且让学生找出其中含着几个阅读这要求,这样做本身的目的,也是为了训练学生的阅读能力。当明确了阅读要求以后,我让学生带着问题进行阅读,当然,如果学生有不明白的问题,一定要做上标记,如果通过阅读能够自己解决更好,不能解决的可以同位或小伙伴商量,当然,老师也要主动参与其中,避免学生讨论起来容易跑题,影响了阅读效率。通过同学们充分的阅读,然后再集体交流。这时,我适时点拨,让学生领略“刷子李”高超的技艺。
不足之处,本课的教学,由于我在教学方法上采用的是“粗放”的方法。难免对本课在深挖教材方面做得不够,从以往的经验来看,这一课考查的知识面比较广,只是让学生根据课前导读进行阅读、讨论有些粗浅,今后,我将继续探索略读课文既要放给学生,又能真正达到高效理解的方法。
本课导入的设计,我进行了三四次的设计。一是采取师生问话的形式,“同学们知道我国古代有哪些体现少年儿童聪明智慧的故事?”“曹冲称象!”“司马光砸缸!”……事后发现学生回答的问题要么是学生太熟悉的,老掉牙!要么是学生根本没有听过的,如果让一位学生讲下来,可能导入的部分就要五六分钟,从时间上不划算,给人头重脚轻的感觉。二是老师直接导入,“自古以来,出现过许许多多聪颖机智的少年儿童,关于他们的美谈,至今流传。我们今天也来了解这样一位儿童——陈元方。”事后想到这既然是堂公开课,怎样让学生和听课老师迅速进入状态,还是让老师讲个故事好些(谭君的建议)。这样决定下来,我在一个班就以“文彦博树洞取球的故事”导入,结果发现我的故事还刚讲一半,学生就把最终的情节说出来了,搞得老师讲故事有点尴尬。在赛课的前两天,陈君告诉我有个好故事,陈元方十一岁时也有个巧妙应答的故事,与本课元方七岁时的故事,有种水天相接的感觉,最终敲定教师讲《元方善对》的故事。
文言文教学的一个重点就是文言字词的积累,如“期、舍、去、顾、尊君、家君”,如何让学生将所学知识达到举一反三、融会贯通目的,我当初设计了几个成语让说意思,如“不期而遇、舍近求远、瞻前顾后”。有几个班我是分为两大版块来进行的,先积累后运用,结果发现这种模式不灵活,说成语意思有点费时间,干脆直接就“就字论字”还好些,积累一个词语,运用一个词语,课堂显得更紧凑。另外老师还补充了一个表尊称与谦称词语的知识,“家大舍小令外人”(谦称一家人中比自己大的用“家”字,比自己小的用“舍”字,尊称别人用“令”字),小知识,宽天地,学生受益匪浅。
本堂课上最显著的特色就是学生主宰课堂。从开始的自主学习,学生自由朗读,读准通假字,小组合作学习,疏通大意,学生质疑,到学生分角色读,学生表演,学生各抒己见……学生在知识的掌握方面由易到难,到课内到课外,在能力的训练方面由浅入深,由动口到动手,由朗读到辩论,在情感价值观的体验方面由诚信到宽容,由做人到处世……回想起谭局长(玉兰)的一句话“课堂要让学生‘乱’起来”!真是无不道理。课堂上教师滔滔不绝,学生“正襟危坐”,这样的课事倍功半。
本堂课也有不足之处:一是学生齐读后,老师的掌声有点突兀的感觉;二是学生精彩的表演后,教师评价不到位,过渡到下一环节的分角色朗读不自然;三是学生对知识点的掌握程度仍然是个迷。
�����������磬�òºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï°ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡·ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿îµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ãºü³ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ç½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¼ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»á´©ò»ï¿½×ºï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹ï¿½ø£ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°×µã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½òªç®ï¿½ï¿½
��������æªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµêµò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¾ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½
��������ò°ñ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ò»ï¿½ó²¿·ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½û»ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¶ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ±¾ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â°é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°×µã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½òªò»ï¿½ï¿½ç®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ò·ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°×µï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç®ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ì¿à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½×µã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ò²ã»ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ã¿ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü¶à¹¦ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½üºã£ï¿½ë¢ç½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±û°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ôµã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ç½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
�������𽥵ø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¿ó¦ï¿½ã¾ß±ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½õºï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
��������������������׶��ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð±ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
《刷子李》是人教版教材五年级下册第七单元的一篇略读课文,本单元的三篇课文向我们刻画了几个栩栩如生的鲜活的人物形象,而本课选自冯骥才的民间世人轶事集《俗世奇人》,他文笔生动,妙趣横生。“刷子李”是生活于市井里巷的凡夫俗子中的奇人高手,他绝妙的粉刷技艺无人可比。本文生动有趣,幽默风趣,故事一波三折,人物形象富有传奇色彩。是一篇艺术性和趣味性都较强的文章。这篇课文以“刷子李”的高超手艺为话题,既为奇人,则轶事多多,但作者只选择一件小事来写,借一件极富戏剧性的小事窥见人物的大本领、大智慧。结合教学目标的要求,我从以下几个方面着手组织教学:
1、注重学生自主学习能力的培养。语文阅读课的学习重在培养学生的语感,增强学生的积累,提高语文素养。教学时,我放手让学生根据阅读提示的要求自读课文,让学生以自己喜欢的方式自行朗读课文,在学生充分自读课文的基础上,围绕“刷子李”的技艺高超表现在哪里?作者是怎样写出他技艺高超的?有哪些描写最精彩的句子等问题交流讨论。在此过程中,学生阅读,发现,欣赏,咀嚼,感受。要想真正品出文章的味道,没有读的过程是不行的。不仅增强了学生的学习兴趣,而且提高的阅读水平。
2、在学生交流过程中以课文内容为基础引导学习本文描写人物特点的方法:体会“刷子李”的技艺高超表现在哪儿,采用了直接描写“刷子李”刷墙的的情景:刷墙时的动作美,刷墙后的效果奇。组织学生一句一句地品读,边读边想象情景:刷墙时的动作好似跳舞,刷墙时发出的声音好似乐曲,完成的作品好似一面天衣无缝的屏障等。学生通过动作描写和生动形象的比喻感受“刷子李”的技艺高超,也直观地了解了可以怎样突出技艺高超。除此之外,作者还通过刷子李的徒弟检查黑衣服并发现小白点这种一波三折的侧面描写烘托刷子李的技艺高超。本文采用的就是直接描写和间接描写相结合的方法。
3、拓展:推荐学生读本文相似的文章,如《泥人张》、《快手刘》等,也可课外阅读《俗世奇人》,增加语言积累。
由于在教学设计中结合了学生的学情,学生对最后两句话的体会很精彩:刷子李的技艺可不是吹出来的,而是靠平时刻苦练出来的,这可是师傅的经验总结,也是徒弟的感悟。学生整堂课都很专注,下课之后,普遍认为这节课时间过得太快,意犹未尽。
回顾整个课堂,存在许多不足之处,虽然我十分注重对学生的评价,但在评价中不免有些流于形式,如评价的不够新颖,不能针对个体进行准确评价。今后要加强评价的新颖性和准确性的训练,要让学生更多地体验成功的喜悦。再者,要进行写作方法的归纳时,可尝试让学生试着用这种方法口头作文,做到现学现用。此外,语言赏析还不够地道,这也是我备课时深感困惑的地方,如何让学生深刻体会文本津味语言特色,从而深刻解读带有天津烙印的刷子李的生命形态,挖掘人物背后的厚重的民俗文化意蕴。
课文选自冯骥才的《俗世奇人》。“刷子李”普普通通,却有“俗世奇人”之美称。首先是“俗世”中的“凡人”,因为他是生活于市井里巷的凡夫俗子,是一位普普通通的手艺人。可他又是“俗世”中的“奇人”,因为他刷墙的技艺高超,让“行外的没见过的不信,行内的生气愣说不信”。他有才能、有个性,喜怒哀乐样样俱全,但行事言语又高于常人,所以,用“俗世奇人”
这篇课文以“刷子李”的高超手艺为话题。既为奇人,则轶事多多,但作者只选择一件小事来写,借一件极富戏剧性的小事窥见人物的大本领、大智慧。作者写“刷子李”的奇妙绝活时,首先极力写他手艺之高,“他要是给您刷好一间屋子,屋里什么都不用放,单坐着,就如同升天一般美。最让人叫绝的是,他刷浆时必穿一身黑,干完活,身上绝没有一个白点。”这是在与自己挑战?还是以特立独行显示自己的超凡出众?但不管怎么写,这样写却吊起了读者的胃口。然后作者从一个小徒弟的视角印证了“刷子李”的真功夫:起初,徒弟是“半信半疑”,但大半天下来,居然连一个芝麻大的粉点也没发现,他真觉得这身黑色的衣服有种神圣不可侵犯的威严。正当徒弟对师傅佩服得五体投地时,却突然发现“刷子李”裤子上有一个白点:师傅那如山般的形象轰然倒去。不料“刷子李”最后揭开谜底:那白点原来是黑裤烧了个小洞造成的!一波三折的叙事,使“刷子李”的“奇”得到了一次次的渲染,紧紧抓住了读者,起到了引人入胜的艺术效果。
细节描写对于塑造人物个性起到了重要作用。这是课文在写法上的一个显著的特点。文中“刷子李”的黑衣黑裤,刷墙时娴熟的动作,还有那个让人吃了一惊的白点等细节描写都使“刷子李”这个人物活了,神了。为了烘托人物的形象,文中也采用了对比的手法:“刷子李”大胆的“承诺”,充满自信,豪气千丈,同时又心细如发,对于小徒弟细微的内心活动体察入微,充分表达了作者对“刷子李”这个具有超凡技艺的“奇人”由衷的赞叹和肯定。
另外,本文的语言朴素,具有浓郁的“天津”风味,并且幽默传神,极富表现力,可以让学生在朗读中充分体会。
������ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ì»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½,���ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿é±è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤,��ä¬ï¿½ï¿½è¤,����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,���������ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ï¿½ä¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ð¡ï¿½â¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»û¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½òµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
����1.ע��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½î§ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ë���ü´ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡°ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ë¢ç½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ç½ê±ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ç½ê±ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ë¢ç½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµè¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡±ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ö±ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß»ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ü¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ãµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3.��õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ç¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ò²ï¿½é¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����üºï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ò¸ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡ï¿½ï¿½û¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¿î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½a����b����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ã£º
����1.�ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ä£ê½ï¿½â½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ñ§
�����������öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ö®ç°ï¿½ïµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ö¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä´ó±³¾ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä½ç¶ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò±ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºãµø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ðµäµï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«
�������ã¿î£ï¿½ï¿½üºãµø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½îµä¶ï¿½î»ï¿½í½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½a��b��������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö°òµï¿½íºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºüºãµï¿½ï¿½ìµæ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ä¡£
����3.�ô½ì²ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ã¿¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òª×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ô½ì²ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ã£¬ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½âµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¿ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
����a��b����í¬ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½í¬ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ä£ê½ï¿½ï¿½a���úµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ç°ô¤ï°ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½b��è´ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø·ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½a������ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½æ¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½æ¡±ï¿½í¡ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½æ¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½b����ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½æ¡±ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½æ¡±ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
����������í¬ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡±ï¿½ï¿½a��������ï°ð´ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½é£»b������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����a��b��������öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å»ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬a�������������뽻����òªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èºí¹ï¿½è¡ï¿½b�����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¾«¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë¡£ï¿½ï¿½è»òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����îºï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½
�����ø¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à²»ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ø¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ôºï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ôµï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±³ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ã¿î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ì£ï¿½ò»ï¿½î´î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½þ¸ä½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î´î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òºï¿½ã£è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½â¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµä½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ðµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½è¥
����æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ç¡ç¡ò²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»æ¬ï¿½õ°×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ã»ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½êµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¤ì¤êµêµï¿½ïµäºã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æªï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±¸ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ðµã£ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ß°ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¾ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ñ°ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½äµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ý½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü¶à±¦ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½504��������ô½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºü±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½þ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ê±ã¿ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ï¿½ô·ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ë¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï³µï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ë¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¼¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ³õµï¿½ð¦ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ò»ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ù¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ð»ï¿½ë¯è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½505����������ú¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½íºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ëµï¿½ô¼ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ�ëµä¡ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø·ï¿½òªï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½òµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½
������æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼¼ï¿½õ¸ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¾¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½æºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¹¦ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à³³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¿î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä©ï¿½ãºãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½ï¿½
��������òªï¿½ï¿½504������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¥æ·î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿îºï¿½ä¸ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½504����������ú¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õºü³ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¦ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ð¿ïµä½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»·ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ê±×¥×¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½â£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½íºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ç°è¥ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ó¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âºï¿½ó¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½æ½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òºü¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»·ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½è²»ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ñ½ì°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½òªè¥ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ã¦ö®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¼ï¿½ò£¬¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ð¡ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ò»ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿îµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿îµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºã¿îºï¿½ç®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»¹ï¿½å¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ò»î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ò»ð´ï¿½ï¿½î±ï¿½ï¿½îµä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾í¿ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½à¡£ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½òª×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¾ï¿½ú½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¹«ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ë¼æ·ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ë¾´ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú°ì¹«ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½à´¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ðµï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½î´ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¦âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ù³ù²ï¿½ï¿½â°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½çµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµòµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ðµäµï¿½â·ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£
����������ò±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ç°ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ðºü¶à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½
本课是一篇略读课文,紧紧抓住课前阅读提示进行组织教学的,“熟读课文,想想‘刷子李’的技艺高超表现在哪儿,作家冯骥才又是怎样写出他技艺高超的。再把描写最精彩的句子找出来,读一读,体会一下表达的效果。”
在熟读课文的基础上,学生很快地找出了第5自然段,作者通过动作和效果描写,较好的表现了刷子李高超的技艺。学生通过再三再四地读和体会揣摩,理解了刷子李粉刷墙壁如艺术创作,艺术表演一样,那样出神入化、娴熟的技艺,令人惊叹,令人称奇道妙。
于是,从“情景”、“效果”这两个正面感受刷子李的高超技艺后,我抛出了一个问题:“作者为什么还要安排曹小三呢?是不是多余的呢?”带着这个问题,学生再去浏览课文,划出曹小三的相关语句,填一填描写他心理活动的词语,学生发现作者安排“曹小三”这个人物有着特殊的含义,对主要人物起衬托作用,穿针引线和见证者的作用,这样文章的写作手法也就表现出来了,实现了人文性与工具性的统一。
1、《刷子李》选自冯骥才的《俗世奇人》。这是一篇精读课文,课文以“刷子李”高超的技艺为话题,借一件极富戏剧性的小事窥见人物的大本领、大智慧。我在教学中紧紧抓住一个“奇”字,让学生在“读”中晓“奇”,在“议”中悟“奇”,从种种“奇”中感悟刷子李的高超技艺。如,在引导学生感悟“刷子李”是一个“奇”人时,先引导学生品味“规矩奇”“动作奇”“效果奇”各体现在哪些方面?
2、我把本课教学定为两大板块:聚焦文本资料,从细节描述中感知“技艺高超”;聚焦表达形式,在揣摩曹小三内心活动中感知“一波三折”。我始终思考学生的需要,立足于学生的发展,对教学资料进行了整合,重点突出,条理清晰,学生学得兴趣盎然。“心里有文本,眼里有学生”这样的教学设计就应是可行的、有效的。
3、本课中我渗透了阅读方法的指导,教学生运用阅读《刷子李》的方法读《泥人张》《快手刘》,激发学生爱上《俗世奇人》这本书,进而爱上阅读,让阅� 群文阅读给学生一个“快乐的`课堂”,把阅读的自主权还给学生,教师仅仅是学生的引导者、陪伴者,突出学生的主体地位,让学生快乐地阅读、快乐地交流、快乐地分享。
上完这节课,细细咀嚼课堂细节,静静聆听其他教师的课堂点评,默默享受语文的每一份情怀,心里涌起的尽是感动。感动于学生的精彩表现,感动于同行们真挚的鼓励和鞭策。滴水瓣花总关情,点点滴滴到心头。反观自我的课堂教学过程,自感失误太多,每每想起,总是别有一番滋味在心头。在课前的教学设计中,我试图努力做到以下几点:
(一)以学生为中心,设计教学环节。在设置教学环节时,我本着“以生为本”,“贴着学生教”的设想,设计了“我来读――读精彩篇章,整体感知课文;我来品――品情节、人物、语言之奇绝”等教学环节,以期到达教学流程清晰、合理、紧凑的效果。
(二)以教材为根本,理清文章脉络。从某种程度上说,小说的艺术就是情节的艺术,悬念、波折是小说的精彩华章。而理情节往往是析人物、明主旨的前提。所以,我以“曹小三找白点”这个细节作为梳理情节的切入点,让学生找出与情节发展密切相关的几个带“然”的词(“果然”——“居然”——“竟然”——“忽然”),以期实现使学生对小说的情节有一个整体把握的目的,进一步领会小说尺水兴波、一波三折的情节魅力;深刻感受曹小三心理之变化、刷子李手艺之奇绝;在学生的个性解读和创造性复述中深入体会本色、津味之语言特色。
(三)以品析为手段,探究文本之奇。《俗世奇人》奇妙双绝,奇在人物,妙在故事和语言。那着一袭黑衣却不沾白点,那挥舞朴实刷子却悠然享受,那道出人生教诲却举重若轻,那守望平凡却追求卓越的刷子李令人暗暗叫绝。那曲折有致丝丝入扣的'情节,那形神兼备出神入化的精湛描述,那津味十足本色朴素的精妙语言也令人拍案称奇。所
(四)以人物的双重解读为契机,使文章主题升华。人物的双重解读,即人生意义上的人物解读和文化意义上的人物解读。这是一篇微型的民俗小说,人物的理解除了从自身个性魅力来解读外,还可作为民俗文化的一道风景来解读。本课教学便基于以上认识展开。
完美的愿望不等于现实。这节课带给大家更多的还是遗憾:
(一)文本品读不够到位,浅尝辄止。如在理情节的过程中,虽然找出了几个“然”字,但并未让学生真正明白小说的一波三折,何为波,何为折等。静心思之,这堂课在“三个维
度”——温度(教师情感的温热度)、广度(在主题的范围内旁延扩展)、深度(语文性、情感性和思想性的深刻和恒久)的体现上,明显地感到了广度和深度的不足!拓宽备课视野,深化文本处理和加强课堂的厚重感是我需急补的课程!
(二)语言品味不够深入,蜻蜓点水。课堂上只让学生简单读了读,常常是以我个人的理解代替了学生的阅读实践,而没有在品字上下功夫,品出其特色,品出其韵味,从而深刻解读带有天津烙印的刷子李的生命形态,挖掘人物背后的厚重的民俗文化意蕴。对这一点,我自觉做的太肤浅了。
(三)学生走进文本时间太少,缓入早出。由此我真正明白:对文本的解读始终应是师生的第一要务。作为自读课,应当以学生自读为主,经过自主阅读文本有所悟,有所得。
(四)由于个人其它事务耽误太多而准备不周,以至于信心不足、不能灵活的驾驭课堂。学生出乎意料的一次回答,就会紧张得不知说什么好。由此我深知自我的经验不足,在教学艺术上的领悟之浅薄。
(五)课堂语言不够精练准确。
尽管如此,我还是感受到了语文课堂的美!那始终盈于课堂的融融的师生氛围、那含于同学眼中的真挚与热切,令我至今难忘。
学然后知不足,教然后知困。我深知自我在教学上还很稚嫩,我需要多请教,多探索,多实践。
《刷子李》是人教版小学语文五年级下册第七单元的一篇略读课文,“刷子李”是生活于市井里巷的凡夫俗子中的奇人高手,他绝妙的粉刷技艺应该是民间艺术之海中一朵晶莹的浪花。本文写得生动有趣,融方言幽默于一炉,叙事一波三析,人物形象丰满,是一篇艺术性和趣味性都较强的文章。在本单元教学中应以语言教学为立足点,引导学生揣摩品味重要句子,注意语言的感悟和积累,加强朗读教学,领会文中的思想感情。
这是一篇略读课文,在教学中,我力求让学生通过自读自悟的方法对课文进行阅读,首先,我让学生自读课前的阅读提示,让学生从课前的阅读提示中捕捉出编写者索要让学生领悟的问题,并且让学生找出其中含着几个阅读这要求,这样做本身的目的,也是为了训练学生的阅读能力。当明确了阅读要求以后,我让学生带着问题进行阅读,当然,如果学生有不明白的问题,一定要做上标记,如果通过阅读能够自己解决更好,不能解决的可以同位或小伙伴商量,当然,老师也要主动参与其中,避免学生讨论起来容易跑题,影响了阅读效率。通过同学们充分的阅读,然后再集体交流。这时,我适时点拨,让学生领略“刷子李”高超的技艺。
不足之处,本课的教学,由于我在教学方法上采用的是“粗放”的方法。难免对本课在深挖教材方面做得不够,从以往的经验来看,这一课考查的知识面比较广,只是让学生根据课前导读进行阅读、讨论有些粗浅,今后,我将继续探索略读课文既要放给学生,又能真正达到高效理解的方法。
导入新课,拓展延伸。课题含有很多信息,学生通过剖析课题,会整体感知课文。教学开始,我用多媒体课件出示央视《挑战群英会》栏目“变脸”和民间奇人绝活展示“嘴上功夫”的图片。同时告诉学生:在天津卫这个地方,某一行有绝活的人,人们用他的行当加姓称呼他。比如在天津,有个姓张的,泥人捏得特别好,就叫他“泥人张“;姓王的做豆腐特别好的,人称“豆腐王”……紧接着出示课题“刷子李”,学生自然明白:这个人刷墙特别好,所以才叫“刷子李”。最后我趁势引导学生:现在就让我们阅读课文,走近刷子李,看看他高超的刷墙技艺吧!
课题含有很多信息,学生通过剖析课题,会整体感知课文。教学开始,我用多媒体课件出示央视《挑战群英会》栏目“变脸”和民间奇人绝活展示“嘴上功夫”的图片。同时告诉学生:在天津卫这个地方,某一行有绝活的人,人们用他的行当加姓称呼他。比如在天津,有个姓张的,泥人捏得特别好,就叫他“泥人张“;姓王的做豆腐特别好的,人称“豆腐王”……紧接着出示课题“刷子李”,学生自然明白:这个人刷墙特别好,所以才叫“刷子李”。最后我趁势引导学生:现在就让我们阅读课文,走近刷子李,看看他高超的刷墙技艺吧!
这一课中刷子李刷墙的动作描写很传神,在以后教学中,特别是在教学“只见师傅的手臂悠然摆来,悠然摆去,如同伴着鼓点,和着琴音”时, 应该启发学生说:“此时此刻你觉得刷子李还是粉刷匠吗?想想他更像什么?”引导学生把刷子李刷墙的动作和舞蹈家、音乐指挥家、书法家联系起来,体会动作之优美、和谐,然后让学生做一做,演一演,请学生自己做“悠然摆来,悠然摆去“的动作,让学生体会刷子李动作的优美。
《刷子李》是一篇略读课文,课文以“刷子李”的高超手艺为话题。既为奇人,则轶事多多,但作者只选择一件小事来写,借一件极富戏剧性的小事窥见人物的大本领、大智慧。去年10月,到杭州参加语文教研组长培训活动,以往听过特级教师虞大明上过这节课,他以一个“奇”字,“奇”在何处?一石激起千层浪。引导学生沉入文本,潜心涵咏。抓好重点词,课堂资料来自语言,课堂操作落实语言,课堂细节敲打语言。他又引导学生凭借对曹小三内心世界的揣摩,凭借对小说布局谋篇的初步认识,体会“一波三折”的`写作手法。他是大师级的,我自然无法让自我的课堂到达他的境界。当然,我也还记得在听完他的课后汪潮教授的点评指导,他说略读课文是精读课文的有机延伸,是将精读学习所习得的方法进行实践运用。是半独立阅读的课文,主要培养学生独立阅读的本事和方法,要减少教师的设问和牵引,要更多的放手让学生独立阅读课文,不应当把略读课文当成精读课文来上。
于是我把这堂课定位为“简洁是智慧的灵魂”,即目标求简明,过程求简要,引导求简练。在这一思想指导下,我把本课教学定为两大板块:聚焦文本资料,从细节描述中感知“技艺高超”;聚焦表达形式,在揣摩曹小三内心活动中感知“一波三折”。本设计,始终研究学生的需要,立足于学生的发展,对教学资料进行了调整和取舍,重点突出,条理清晰,学生学得兴趣盎然。
课堂是一门缺憾的艺术,这节课也不例外,课堂上语言赏析还不够地道,这也是我备课时深感困惑的地方,如何让学生深刻体会文本津味语言特色,从而深刻解读带有天津烙印的刷子李的生命形态,挖掘人物背后的厚重的民俗文化意蕴。对这一点,我自觉只做到了蜻蜓点水。
语文是一门搞笑的学科,因为语文课文包含了各种搞笑的知识。其中刷子李就是我们喜欢的一篇课文。在那里,我们学大语文教师,就针对课文的学
本课是一篇略读课文,紧紧抓住课前阅读提示进行组织教学的,“熟读课文,想想‘刷子李’的技艺高超表此刻哪儿,作家冯骥才又是怎样写出他技艺高超的。再把描述最精彩的句子找出来,读一读,体会一下表达的效果。”
在熟读课文的基础上,学生很快地找出了第5自然段,作者透过动作和效果描述,较好的表现了刷子李高超的技艺。学生透过再三再四地读和体会揣摩,理解了刷子李粉刷墙壁如艺术创作,艺术表演一样,那样出神入化、娴熟的技艺,令人惊叹,令人称奇道妙。
于是,从“情景”、“效果”这两个正面感受刷子李的高超技艺后,我抛出了一个问题:“作者为什么还要安排曹小三呢是不是剩余的呢”带着这个问题,学生再去浏览课文,划出曹小三的相关语句,填一填描述他心理活动的词语,学生发现作者安排“曹小三”这个人物有着特殊的含义,对主要人物起衬托作用,穿针引线和见证者的作用,这样文章的写作手法也就表现出来了,实现了人文性与工具性的统一。
刷子李教学反思,在上面文章中我已经为大家带来了分析整理。期望你在学习语文课文的时候,参考利用我们学大专家总结的知识,记忆更多的知识点。