其实,定语从句并不难,快一起来学习吧!下面是爱岗敬业的小编有缘人为家人们收集整理的11篇初三定语从句,希望对大家有所启发。
一、名词性从句:
1.主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起。
2.主语从句很多情况下都可以放到句子后面,而用代词it作形式上的主语。
3.形式宾语
4.由名词性关系代词whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的宾语从句
5. whether and if 都能引导从句,但用法有所不同。当主语从句直接位于句首时,应用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能。
Whether he will come or not is not known.
6.在名词reason后的表语从句必须用that引导,不可误用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.
二、定语从句
1.引导定语从句的关系词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定语从句中,只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.
2.当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词,或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.
3.as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用。As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子,既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头。
4.介词+which/whom/whose从句
5.代/名+介词+which 从句
6.同位语从句和定语从句
三、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
四、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
五、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which)we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom)Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
六、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
定语从句例句成分分析
一,主语:
是一个句子的主体,一般放在谓语之前,是动作的实施者。
主语由名词,代词,数词,不定式,动词-ing形式或从句充当。
1.is a good students.(名词)
2.is strength.( 名词)
3.enjoys walking in the fields.(代词)
4.is ten.(数词)
5.is important.(不定式短语)
6.is my job t(不定式短语是真正的主语,it 为形式主语)
7.is bad for health.(动词-ing形式作主语)
8.has not been decided yet.(从句作主语,即主语从句)
二,谓语:
用来说明主语的动作或状态,表明主语是什么,做什么,或怎么样。
谓语由动词担当,可由各种时态的动词表示
1.Great hopes great men.(动词)
2.Shehim two years ago.(动词词组)
3.I your question after class.(助动词+动词)
4.She English very well.(情态动词+动词)
5.The dictionary(连系动词+表语)
6.She(连系动词+表语)
三,宾语:
表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,由名词,代词,不定式,相当于名词的词或从句充当充当,一般放在及物动词或介词的后面。
(一)单宾语
1.Paper catches easily.(名词)
2.He will do for her.(代词)
3.She is listening 。(不定式短语)
4.He doesn?t like 。(动词-ing形式)
5.He said 。(从句,即宾语从句)
(二)双宾语 (直接宾语sth+间接宾语sb)
常见的带双宾语的动词有:give bring buy get lend make offer pass teach tell write read show send leave return
1.Mother bought yesterday.
2.She taught then.
3.I send m last month.
(三)复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
有些及物动词带了宾语后,还需要有一个补足成分,才能使句意完整,即补充说明宾语,能都充当宾补的词有名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,分词(现在分词和过去分词)
常跟宾补的动词有 allow,ask,advise,call,elect,keep,consider,make,see,name,have,get,help,wish,let,feel,hear,find smell
1.We elected him 。(名词)
2.I want him.(副词)
3.Cell phones make it for us to anyone from anywhere.(形容词)
4.The doctor advised me 。(不定式短语)
5.I heard Mary singing in her room.(动词-ing形式)
6.He had his watch yesterday.(过去分词)
7.Please make yourself.(介词短语)你请自便。
四,表语:
放在连系动词be ,become,seem,feel turn(当“变得”讲时)等之后,用来说明主语的特征,状态,身份等,可以充当表语的词有名词,动词-ed形式或句子
1.He became when he was only a child.(名词)
2.The book is (代词)
3.He is today.(形容词)
4.Her mother will be soon.(副词)
5.Im 数词)
6.He seemed(动词过去分词)
7.It is to hear the news.(动词现在分词)
8.The problem is ahead of time.(不定式短语)
9.This is 。(从句,即表语从句)
五,定语:
用来修饰名词或代词,可作定于的词有名词,代词,数词,介词短语,不定式,动词-ing形式,动词-ed形式以及从句,定于分为前置定语和后置定语
1.Yao Ming is anbasketball player.(形容词,前置)
2.Ronaldo is a player.(名词,前置)
3.hair needs cutting.(代词,前置)
4.students attended the party.(数词,前置)
5.He is in the room.(现在分词,前置)
6.You can see leaves everywhere in fall.(过去分词,前置)
7.Who is the girl (现在分词短语,后置)
8.The hotel is the best in the city.(过去分词短语,后置)
9.This the house (从句,即定语从句,后置)
六,状语:
用来修饰形容词,副词,动词或整个句子,用来表示时间,地点,原因,方式,程度,目的,结果,条件,让步,频度等情况。
通常用作状语的词有副词,介词短语,不定式,动词-ing形式,动词-ed形式,名词词组,从句等,状语一般放在词尾,但有的也放在句首或句中
1.The plane will take off 。(介词短语作地点状语)
2.He came late 。(介词短语作原因状语)
3.She cut the apple 。(介词短语作方式状语)
4.There are plenty of fish 。(介词短语作地点状语)
5.The river is long.(副词作程度状语)
6.He ran fast 。(不定式作目的状语)
7.She woke suddenly 。(不定式作结果状语)
(一)定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词:when, where, why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用, 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)
The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在从句中作介词with的宾语)
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法:
1)当先行词为人时用who 作主语,whom作宾语;
2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ,可作主语或宾语;
3)先行词为人、物时用that ,可作主语或宾语;
4)whose用作定语,可指人或物;
5)关系副词when(指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,where(指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语),why(指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语)。
(二)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定语从句:从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom's father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
(三)使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1)用that而不用 which的情况:
①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …;
②先行词有最高级修饰,有序数词修饰;
③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;
④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2)用which而不用 that的情况:
①引导非限制性定语从句;
②代表整个主句的意思;
③介词 + 关系代词。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3)as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend's. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样,他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
3)as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn't like at all.
2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can't understand.
4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用"介词 + which"来代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People's Republic of China was founded.
5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who,且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a. 先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b. 关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.
这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
1、定语的定义
定语是用来修饰或限定名词的。定语一般位于被修饰名词的周围,在名词前面或名词后面。被修饰的词有时也叫先行词。定语可以是词,短语或句子。
2、定语的位置
当定语是词时通常是形容词,放在所修饰名词的前面。
如“一本有趣的书” an interesting book.
当定语是短语时通常用介词短语,放在所修饰名词的后面。
如 “教室里的学生” the students in the classroom.
当定语是一个句子时,通常位于句子的后面,这个句子就叫定语从句。
如:I have a book which is interesting. 对比 I have an interesting book.
3、定语从句中的关系代词的用法
常见的关系代词:which / who / whom / that / whose
1.当先行词为人时,可用关系代词who / whom / that / whose
如:
He is the manwho thathelped me yesterday.(作主语)
He is the manwhomwho hat省略I helped yesterday.(作宾语)
He is the manwhosehouse is beautiful.(作定语)
2.当先行词为物时,可用关系代词which / that /whose
如:
I like the housewhich thathas new furniture. (作主语)
I like the housewhich that 省略you showed me around yesterday.
I like the housewhosefurniture is new.(作定语)
I like the housethe furniture of whichis new.
小结:关系代词that 可用来修饰人或物,
who / whom只能用于修饰人,
which只能用于修饰物,
whose既可修饰人也可修饰物,但只能用于表所属关系时。
4、that 与 which 的用法区别
1. 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(1)当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some 等不定代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little,few, much等词修饰时。如:
I have write downeverythingthatyou told me just now.
Allthe booksthatare sold in the shop are very interesting.
(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
The firstmoviethatI watched was the Titanic.
This isthe bestbookthatI have read all my life.
(3)当先行词被 the very, the only, the first / last 等修饰时 (当先行词是人时,也可用 who,whom)如:
The old house isthe onlythingthathe owns.
She isthe onlyforeignerthat whowas invited to the party.
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。如:
I will never forgetthe persons and thingsthatare important to my life.
(5)当句子以who,which 等疑问词开头时。如:
Whois the manthatis standing in front of the room?
Whichis the roomthatyou live in?
2. 只能用which作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(1)当关系词前面有介词时,指物常用 which,指人常用whom.
The housein whichwe live is very large.
The housewhich / that 省略we live in is very large.
(2)非限制性定语从句多用 which
He wrote an article,whichtells us about the history.
He succeeded in the competition,whichmade his parents very happy.
5、关系副词引导的定语从句
why = for which (表原因)
where = in/ at/ on/ ... which (表地点)
when = during/ on/ in/ ... which (表时间)
1. where 指地点
(1)Fuzhou is the citywhere (in which)I was born.
Fuzhou is the citywhichI was born in.
(2)The housewhere (in which)I lived five years ago has been pulled down.
2. when指时间
(1)I still remember the daywhen (on which)I first came to the city.
(2)I still remember the days(that which)we spent together in the past.
3. why 指原因
(1)The teacher didn't believe the reasonwhy for whichhe was late.
(2)The teacher didn't believe the reasonwhich thathe explained.
要了解定语从句,我们先得明白定语是啥,如果我给介绍一个人或者描述一样东西,以介绍一个人为例,如果我说是个女孩,那么你头脑中的对我介绍的人印象清晰么,应该就一女孩轮廓,但如果我说一个漂亮的,穿着红色衣服的,站在站台上的,那么你对这个人印象是不是逐渐清晰了,这里漂亮的,红色的,站在站台上的便是定语。
我们看看例子
a pretty girl
a girl in red
a girl standing in the platform
a girl who is standing in the platform is lucy
上例中打彩色部分便都是定语,定语通常是修饰名词,如果定语是一个词并且能完整表达一个意思,定语便放在被修饰词前面,否则就放后面,请观察pretty是一个词,便是放前面的,这是你也许会说,a pretty little girl,pretty 和little不是两个词,怎么就放被修饰词前面了呢,一定要注意,pretty和little都是一个并且是各自能表达完整的意思滴。
上例中彩色部分都是定语,定语可以是一个形容词(pretty),可以是介词短语(in red),也可以是分词短语(standing in the platform),也可以是一个句子(who is standing in the platform),而当定语从句是一个句子时,这个句子呢,就是定语从句。
由于定语从句是一个句子,毫无疑问滴,必定不可能是一个词,所以都是放在被修饰词的后面,我们还给这个被修饰的词起了个名字,先行词,因为修饰她的句子还在后面,她先出现的。
然后我们在说说这定语从句,在英语中呢有个规定就是一个句子中有且只能有一个谓语,就好比我们人呢只能有一个心脏。(事物是普遍联系的定语从句经典例句),那我们人啥时候可能会有两个心脏呢?对了,有宝宝的时候,男同胞貌似目前不可能哈,那么句子有个子句的时候便可以有两个谓语了,这时候我们便需要一个东西来标志其子句特征,人类呢是以大肚子,从句便以她的关系代词。我们例子中的who便是关系代词,这个关系我们也可以理解成人类的脐带,将子句和母句联系到一起。所以这关系代词也是紧挨着先行词的。
所以偶们先要搞清楚啥是定语从句,啥是先行词,啥是关系代词。咱再琢磨这定语从句如何用。
1.He is a famous star.
2.Who’s that girl in red?
3.A suitcase that doesn’t have handles is useless.
4.The blue suitcase ,which doesn’t have handles,is useless.
注意上面画线部分有什么相同的。
都是修饰名词,对一个名词进行修饰,补充,让我们对这个名词在我们头脑中都有更清晰的认识。
这类成分就是定语。
观察最后两句,充当定语时一个完整句子,我们叫这类叫定语从句。
注意定语从句,that doesn’t have handles,that作代词+连词,在从句充当主语,并且连接两个句子。
我们叫that为关系代词。和普通代词的区别是它还可以连接两个句子。
被修饰的词叫先行词。如最后两句的suitcase。
Restrictive: A suitcase that doesn't have handles is useless.
Non-Restrictive: The blue suitcase,which doesn't have handles,is useless.
注意这两个句子。
限定性定语从句和非限定定语从句的区别在哪里。
前面那句是限制性定语从句,定语从句对先行词进行修饰,紧挨先行词,去掉从句句子不完整。
后面那句是非限定定语从句,定语从句对先行词进行补充说明,先行词和从句用逗号隔开,去掉句子仍然完整。
对定语从句有大概了解后,我们看看关系词,我们得搞清楚这什么时候用什么关系词,关系词分关系代词和关系副词,关系词通常在定语从句中充当成分的,当关系词在句子中作状语的`时候便用关系副词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as和关系副词when,where,why等。
很多同学可能都会觉得在使用定语从句的时候,有时不知该选择that还是which作为引导词。其实只要记得以下几点,并多做练习,在具体的句子中加以理解,一切问题就可以迎刃而解了。
首先,that和which在从句里都可以做宾语和主语,做宾语时可以省略。在定语从句中,有种说法叫"关宾省",意思是关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语可以省略,不管是that,which,还是whom。但是which能引导非限制性定语从句,that则不行。
其次,记得以下只能用that的几种情况:
1. 当先行词为all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所构成的复合不定代词时。
如:We should do all that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 有关此事,凡是你所知道的请告诉我。
2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时。
如:You can take any seat that is free. 任何空着的座位你都可以坐。
There is little work that is fit for you. 几乎没有适合你的工作。
3. 当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时。
如:When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing. 人们谈论起中国的城市的时候,我首先 想到的是北京。
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 这是我们校本学期放映的第四部电影。
4. 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
如:The best that I could do was to apologize. 我唯一能做的就是赔礼道歉了。
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的一本最有趣的故事书。
5. 当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时。
如: This is the very book that I’m looking for. 这正是我在找的书。
The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我们唯一能做的事就是等待。
注意:先行词被the same修饰时,关系代词也可用as。
如:I need the same book that / as you have. 我需要有你一样的书。
6. 当先行词既包含人又包含物时。
如: They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them. 他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的女英雄及她们的事迹。
7. 当先行词是疑问代词who,which,what或主句以这些词开头时。
如:Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him? 曾经和他一起工作过的谁不钦佩他?
Which is the star that is nearer to the earth? 哪个是离地球比较近的星星?
8. 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。
如:That’s a good book that will help you a lot. 那是本对你很有帮助的书。
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 我们的学校现在已不是过去的那个样子了。
9. 先行词为time时,当time表示次数,引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间,可用that或when引导,都可省略。
如:I do remember the first time(that) I had ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.我很清楚地记得当我第一次听到世界上最美的声音的时候。
一、 定义:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
如:1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2)You must do everything that I do.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格who,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why关系词常有三个作用:
1、引导定语从句
2、代替先行词
3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
Mr.Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
( which 在句子中做主语)
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
( which 在句子中做宾语)
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
The people that/who come to visit the city are all here.(在句子中做主语)
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
一、定义
修饰名词或代词的句子叫做定语从句
二、基本概念
【先行词】:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
【关系词】:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词在定语从句中的作用
连接作用:连接先行词和定语从句。
替代作用:在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。因此当我们要判断关系词在从句中的成分时,只需要把先行词带入从句即可。(因此当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,谓语动词应与先行词的。人称和数保持一致)
成分作用:在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
三、用法
关系代词的用法
who指人,在定语从句中做主语。
What was the name ofthe manwholent you the money?
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字?
在口语或非正式文体中,“who”也可在从句中做宾语。
The musicianwhothey are talking about is very famous.
whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语。
The peoplewhomI work with are all friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。
which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English isa languagewhichis easy to learn.
that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语
The manthatItalked with just now is a doctor.Ilostthe bookthatIbought last week.
whose人、物皆可,做定语,后面要紧跟被修饰的名词,先行词和后面的名词之间往往是从属关系。
There are somepeople whose faces you can never forget.有些人,他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。
总结
在从句中做定语,先行词是人时用:who,whom, that;先行词是物时:which, that;whose,
注意:只用that的情况
当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等词时,或当先行词被every, any, all, ome, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。Everything that they said was true.
当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben.
当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.
当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?
先行词在定语从句中做表语时。
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
当先行词既有人又有物时。
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
关系副词的用法
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或why。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语,在意义上相当于介词+which结构,分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。
when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still rememberthe daywhenI first came to this school.
where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
I recently went back tothe townwhereI was born.
why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell methereasonwhyyou missed the plane.
一、前置法
当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单,或是较为简短时,我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前,将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.(2003)
本句中the environment后面又跟了一个定语从句。大家看下他是什么定语从句,是限定性还是非限定性定语从句。限定性吧!它有什么特点呢,只有三个词,意义和结构都较为简单,因此我们在翻译的时候就要把它放在他所修饰的先行词的前面。
译文:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.(1998,71)
这个句子中That existed 15 billion years ago.是一个定语从句,其先行词是the patterns and structures.这个定语从句比较简单,我们可以直接将其翻译他所修饰的先行词的前面。
译文:但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
二、单独成句
当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂,意义较为繁杂的时候,如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的后面的话,会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂,而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚,明明白白。所以这个时候我们要把定语从句单独翻译出来,放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面当定语。同时当定语从句是一个非限定性定语从句的时候,往往也要单独成句。
Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (2003,64)
在这个句子中,whole后面是一个很长的定语从句,无论从结构和意义上看都较为复杂,所以翻译时可以和先行词拆开。
译文:泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(2004,61)
“which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.”是非限定性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子;在定语从句中long before引导时间状语从句修饰动词短语Take Root,在状语从句中又包含了一个由how引导的宾语从句,作realized的宾语。句中Take root in作“扎根“讲。因此这个非限定性定语从句是较为复杂的,所以我们采用单独成句的翻译方法。
译文:“希腊 ”
三、融合法
把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句,定语从句译成谓语。这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句,尤其是“there be”句型中。
There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you.
楼下有人要见你。
There are many people who are interested in the new invention.
很多人对这项发明感兴趣。
四、状译法
英语中有些定语从句,不仅仅起到一个定语修饰的作用,而且在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系,表示原因、让步、转折等等关系。所以广大考生在翻译的时候,应尽量从英语句子的意义上发现这些逻辑上的关系,然后翻译成汉语中相对应的逻辑关系来。
比如:
Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.(1997,71)
在这个句子中which引导非限制性定语从句修饰名词an agreed account,而the world does not have是省略了从句引导词that的定语从句,修饰something。这个定语从句在这里有一个转折的逻辑关系在里边,所以要翻译出来!
译文:事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
名词分类
通常,名词分几类,连词就分几类。引导定语从句的连词大约分为两类:wh-连词和that连词。这两个是决定了几乎所有的定语从句引导词。我们刚才说定语从句的引导词由名词的类别来决定,那我们要先知道名词分为什么。关于名词的分类,我们之前有很多,我们曾经学过名次分为可数名词和不可数名词;专有名词和非专有名词等等。我们知道,连词通常都是指代这个名词的,和指代有关的词,一旦涉及到人的时候,就会变得非常复杂。如果是男的,代词用he;如果是女的,用she;如果指的是说话的对方,用you;如果是自己,用I等等。从这里我们会发现,如果指代的是人,根据指代的不同,所使用的代词也会不同。
因此,第一类词就指的是“由指代人的名词”为先行词的定语从句,那引导词用指人的就行,that是万能的,此外who,whom,whose都可以指人,不过that,who,whom是指人;而whose+名词,表示“谁的。东西”,通常用作定语。
第二大类可以把名词分为“非人”的名词。非人的名词,我们可以把它分为:
①形容没有生命存在的,如桌子,电脑等。指桌子或电脑,只用一个it来代替它就行;
②形容有生命的存在,不管是养什么宠物,如猫、狗等,用it也可以指代了;
③形容比较抽象的感情,如爱情,憎恨,感恩等,it也可以用来指代。
因此,我们可以将代词分为两类:指代人的代词和指代非人的代词。当先行词是不是人的名词的时候,连词可以用which,that,where,when,why,what.
初三都会遇到一个重要语法——定语从句。定语从句是初中语法中较难的一个知识点,同时也是近几年中考必考的,今天我们一起来学习一下定语从句。
形容词,在句中作定语。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的某个成分。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、由who, whom, that,Whose引导的从句
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
2、由which, that引导的从句
它们所代替的先行词是事物的。名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:
(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)
注意: 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which:
a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时;
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略;
c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;
d)先行词中既有人又有物时;
e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时;
f)当先行词为物并作表语时;
g)先行词为one时;
h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时;
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用在reason 后面。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常见考法
对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查,重点是that,which,who引导的定语从句。
典型例题:You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who B. whom C. whom D. who
解析:先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略。第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略。
答案:D
误区提醒
当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之用关系代词。
典型例题:I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
解析:. 两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句。
答案:A