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GRE作文讲座
美国人在近几年发现好多中国留学生虽然GRE分数非常高，写作水平却很低，在以后的学习中遇到了许多麻烦，也造成了教授很大的困扰。所以他们开始认为GRE分数并不能完全代表一个学生的英文水平。
事实上，在国外，只有两种水平能够使你顺利的生存下去，一是听和说的水平，另一个就是写作水平。
中国学生普遍语法水平都非常高，但这只是在做语法题时。而在文章里，一句话却能犯5、6个语法错误。所以美国普林斯顿考试的改革，几乎有1/3的要点是针对外国学生，尤其是越来越多的中国大陆考生来设计的。比如，到明年5月份TOEFL考试机考之后，要把作文中的语法错误算在语法分中。外国教授不需要你到那边再练习写作能力，他要求你去之前练好写作。
GRE考试作文2篇，并且是美国所有作文考试中最长的。别的都是半个小时写完，GRE则要求45分钟，所以它在质量和长度上的要求就更高。GRE作文不只通过普林斯顿打分，而且，还可以直接送到教授的桌上。教授可以把你的作文和你的personal statement进行对照。作用是和你的personal statement进行参照，看看你的personal statement是不是自己写的，同时也评判你的写作水平，当然这也是决定你能不能得到奖学金的重要标准。
二．怎样才能切实提高写作能力。
作文的写作在美国人心目中包括几个部分。要想写好作文，需要三大能力：
1．语言能力
2．逻辑思路能力
3．修辞学的能力
1．语言能力
语言能力的提高是一个反复练习的过程。它包括听说的能力、阅读词汇和写作能力。写作能力又涉及到两个能力：用词的能力和句子结构的能力。
用词能力指的是对同一种内容，你可以有不同的表达方式。如果你在一篇文章中反复的出现同一个词，而没有可以替换的，那你的分数一定不会高。（当没有GRE作文考试时。美国教授评判你写作能力的标准就是你的书面材料。）
事实上，单词量并能不代表你的写作水平。单词就象是一块块的砖，但是如果你想建一幢大楼，只有材料是不够的，你还需要一个杰出的设计师。虽然英语的章法非常严格，但是它需要你的变化。也就是句子结构的能力更重要。普林斯顿要求你在句法上要有变化。因为GRE作文要求体现复杂性和思想性。好多同学看到一个结构都不知道是什么，更别提让他写出来了。
是不是去分析句子结构就能写出好文章呢？NO。不需要去研究句子结构，只要做到我说的两件事。下面我就讲一下对于提高用词能力和句子结构能力的两大要素：
* 背诵
练习的多了，你的笔头上就会自然流露出句子结构。语言是运载思想的工具。我在大学2年级的时候，背过新概念英语的2、3、4册。新东方有一个我唯一非常佩服的学员，他现在已经从DUKE毕业了。他也是背新概念英语的2、3、4册，但是他背得非常熟练，可以说是倒背如流，对每篇文章都非常熟悉。以他这样的水平，TOEFL高分是没问题，GRE考了2350分。
最有意思的`是，到DUKE后的第一个星期，每个中国学生都要写论文。他写了之后交给教授，教授看后对他说，你这个论文是剽窃的，因为我从事了的教学，从来没有看到中国学生能写出这么漂亮文章的。你有没有证据可以证明这是你自己写的？他说我现在不拿什么证据，但是我能背100篇文章，可以背给你听听。然后他就背了两篇文章，背了之后，他说，那个教授号啕大哭起来了。他没想到在遥远中国的一个角落里有居然有人能把那么难的文章、那么优美的文章，背的这么炉火纯青，真让人很感动。
就是这个学生的例子促使我编了现在那本英文现代文选。所以我建议大家如果是针对GRE作文，要背的话，可以选择新概念英语第三册的后30篇。如果还想背更多的，可以选择我和包凡一老师编的现代英语背诵文选，那里面的句子难度刚好相当。80篇中选你最喜欢的30篇就行了。有这30篇垫底，就足够了。剩下的就是自己写了。但是要背到怎么熟练呢，就是任意选一篇就能倒背如流。
* 模仿别人的优秀文章
写有两种方式。有些同学天天写，但是水平和一年前没有什么长进。所以光靠自己写是不行的。没有什么参照，思想越挖越空，最后就没什么可写的了。
所以要先模仿着写，模仿要有几个前提条件：
1．要有可以模仿的文章（最好是带有说理性的文章）
2．你要理解这个文章，理解它的用词、句子结构、段落结构
3．这些文章都有正确的中文翻译。同时，文章的长度不能超过500字。
怎么模仿，我给大家举个例子：首先要分析文章，分析每一句和上一句是什么关系。美国人写作文的一个特点是，通常每段的第一句都包含了整段文字的内容，也就是我们常说的topic sentence.。另一个特点是当你写完一个句子后，你要问WHY。你提出一个问题，然后给出一个圆满的回答，这就是一篇优秀的作文。
再下一步就要具体了。写作需要两大能力：1.抽象的能力（abstract）；2. 具体的能力（details/examples）。具体化并不代表要写一个完整的故事。但是任何一篇文章都要给人一个具体的意向。通过具体的东西来描述才能给人塌实的感觉。具体化只要举出几个地方、几个名字、几件小事就可以了。
为什么好多同学在TOEFL、GMAT作文中分数很低呢，就是因为，他提出了问题却没有回答。
你通过不断的模仿写作，就可以不断的纠正语法和词组错误。如何把抽象和具体结合起来是一个重点，如何在一个段落中只表达一个思想，这是另一个重点。美国人的判分特点是，如果你在一段中表达了一个以上的思想，那你的分数就不会高了。
分析完一篇文章后，怎么模仿着写呢？就是看着中文的翻译，把上面的英文一字不落的写下来，当你实在想不起来的时候，再看原文。等到写完之后，和原文对照一下，看看是谁写的漂亮。我刚刚开始模仿写作的时候，发现，模仿了几天后，写作水平的确提高了。因为根据记忆学原则，这个单词你背过、读过，它都不能写在你的文章中间。如果一个单词可以经常出现在你的脑子和文章中间，那这只证明了一件事，就是你写过这个字。但是你自己写作你不可能用到这个字，那就只有一个可能，就是你在模仿文章时写过这个字。如果一个结构别人写不出来，你能写出来，那你的分数就会高。
通过不断的模仿你的几大能力就会得到提高：1。你的语法错误会越来越少；2。句子结构能力越来越强； 3。用词能力大大增加。一篇文章模仿两次就足够了。当你模仿了10篇文章之后，你把这10篇文章再模仿一遍。等你模仿完20篇文章，你的写作能力就会大大提高了。
2．逻辑思路能力
下面我们要讲的是写作中的第二大能力：逻辑思路能力。
在美国许多的写作考试中TOEFL写作是相对容易的。因为它的作文题本身非常简单，看到一个作文题你几乎就知道该怎么写。而GRE作文就相对复杂了。GRE作文方式永远是两种态度，两种方式让你选择。它永远是有对照性的。TOEFL作文考：“吃饭是在家里吃好，还是到饭店里吃好”；GMAT考和商业有关的：“产品制造出来是延续时间很长的好，还是延续时间不太长的好”；GRE作文：“在我们这个社会中间，现在专业人士太多了，而有综合知识的人太少了。你认为我们是更需要具有专业知识的人呢，还是需要具有广博知识的人？”TOEFL考生活、学习；GMAT考商业运作和商业道德；GRE考日常学术行为。但是不管它出什么题目，总是会摆出两种态度供你选择。另外，GRE的作文题目是提前发给你的，考试时出的题目绝不会超出它事先发给你的题目。它决不会出让学生看不懂的题目。所出的题目永远是世界性的，不涉及民族、宗教、政治色彩。
我考察了普林斯顿所出的全部范文后发现，美国人百分之七八十喜欢倾向于一种模式。讨论在哪里吃的问题时，要不在家里吃，要不在饭店吃，但是你不要又想在家里，又想在饭店（A OR B）。当然他们也比较认可中间的态度（C），也就是说，我既要A又要B，我是A和B结合起来产生C。事实上，好多中国学生结合A、B写是能写出好分数的。当然也有些题目是没有C这种态度的。
C态度这种写法和A、B的写法，在段落结构上是有差异的。我先讲两种文章的段落结构。
如果是采取A或B的写法，段落结构是比较简单的。通常分为三个层次，第一个层次是第一段。说明我要采取A还是B。第二个层次可以不只一段，说明为什么选择A/B是对的。为什么要有三段呢。因为必须至少有2个理由，至多3个理由。美国人认为一个理由是不够的，4个理由绝对太多。他们最喜欢2到3个理由。最后一段就是结尾，讨论B的缺点和部分优点，同时坚决强调你要选择A。
C模式：它有两大难点。1。你要表明A和B 的必不可少性，所以你的段落就会很长；2第二段就要写A的好处、缺陷都在哪；3要写B的好处和缺点；4 要证明只有把A和B结合起来才能弘扬两者的优点，避免缺点。这样的文章是最合情合理的，优点是非常的reasonable。缺点是这种文章的长度比我们前面说到的第一种类型的文章，至少要长出1/3。而你写的越长就越容易犯句子语法和结构，以及拼写的错误。所以如果你的写作水平很一般的话，就不要用这种写法。但是如果你的写作水平很高的话，我建议你用这种写法。尤其是碰到一些我认为只有把两者结合起来才能写好的题目时。所以GRE作文难就难在它的题目比较难。这种题目有两种写作方法，这两种方法都是能拿6分的。
逻辑思维能力的第二步就是怎么写好中间这部分。开头挺好写的，好多同学直接照着题目抄，这大可不必，也挺愚蠢的。GRE作文题目也是可以抄的，但是你最好还是自己写。千篇 一律只有几种开头的方法：1。说大话开头法：开头就是一个宏伟的概括；2。幽默一点的开头法。3。从自我经历写起。
下面我们来具体讲一下中间应该怎么写。
首先来讲一下，写这三个理由要避免的几点：
* 避免观点重复；不要讲了几遍其实都是一个理由。当你一点就能说明的时候，非要讲三遍就显的有点STUPID了。你要从多个方面来讲道理，而且要尽量把问题具体化。
* 避免观点的庸俗化，并考虑
GRE作文范例6
Topic
The following is a letter to the editor of the Atticus City newspaper
”Former Mayor Durant owes an apology to the city of Atticus. Both the damage to the River Bridge, which connects Atticus to Hartley, and the traffic problems we have long experienced on the bridge were actually caused 20 years ago by Durant. After all, he is the one who approved the construction of the bridge. If he had approved a wider and better-designed bridge, on which approximately the same amount of public money would have been spent, none of the damage or problems would have occurred. Instead, the River Bridge has deteriorated far more rapidly over the past 20 years than has the much longer Derby Bridge up the river. Even though the winters have been severe in the past several years, this is no excuse for the negligence and wastefulness of Durant.“
Sample Essay
The author of this letter concludes in his or her argument that former Mayor Durant should apologize to the city of Atticus because he is at fault for damage that has occurred over a twenty-year time span to the River Bridge. The author also blames Mayor Durant for long-time traffic problems on the bridge, stating that Durant actually caused these problems twenty years before because he approved the construction of the bridge and did not approve a wider and better-designed bridge. The arguer may have a personal vendetta against Mayor Durant but the elements stated in the argument do not support such an accusation.
First of all, the author squarely places blame on Mayor Durant for the simple act of approving the construction of the bridge. There is no evidence presented that merely appr
GRE作文范例13
Issue
”When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.“
Sample Essay
There would seem to be two different perspectives presented in the above statement. The first two sentences are concerned with exploring history and would seem to discuss looking at history that has already been written. People who concern themselves with the study of history are not storytellers, but rather story interpreters. The last sentence refers to the people that write about history, the historians themselves. Certainly, to a certain extent, historians must be storytellers because they have a story to tell. But the term ”storyteller“ seems to imply a greater amount of creativity than what is involved in actually explaining what has happened in history. For the purposes of this essay, I will focus on the perspective of the historian, as it would appear to be the underlying core idea.
From the perspective of the historian, most historians do not have the benefit of having lived through the period of history that they are writing about. By researching through thousands of old letters, legal documents, family heirlooms and the like, historians must look at fragments of history and somehow put these pieces together to reconstruct what actually happened. In this sense, they must be storytellers because inevitably, their personal insights become part of what others will see when they read the historian's writings. As an example, there are many differing opinions as to whether Thomas Jefferson actually fathered children with one of his slaves. Some historians have written that it is a virtual certainty, while others argue that it was his brother, rather than Thomas himself
As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
Essay Response ― Score 6
The statement linking technology negatively with free thinking plays on recent human experience over the past century. Surely there has been no time in history where the lived lives of people have changed more dramatically. A quick reflection on a typical day reveals how technology has revolutionized the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processes information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will be reached through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivable at the turn of the 19th century.
The statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability for humans to think for themselves. The assumption is that an increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone, the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transport, information processing and communication. Technology short circuits this thinking by making the problems obsolete.
However, this reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer and phone all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency does not preclude the need for humans to think for themselves. In fact, technology frees humanity to not only tackle new problems, but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technology. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With increasing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation. Likewise dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists and politicians.
In contrast to the statement, we can even see how technology frees the human imagination. Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet has allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. This exercise opens pathways of thinking that were previously closed off to the medical layman. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based his ideas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to Eastern Europe.
This last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope to the future of humanity. By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals can now be achieved. Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox. This disease had ravaged the human race since prehistorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccines, free thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox. Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted and eradicated.
Technology will always mark the human experience, from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination.
Reader Commentary for Essay Response ― Score 6
The author of this essay stakes out a clear and insightful position on the issue and follows the specific instructions by presenting reasons to support that position. The essay cogently argues that technology does not decrease our ability to think for ourselves, but merely provides ”additional time for people to live more efficiently.“ In fact, the problems that have developed alongside the growth of technology （pollution, political unrest in oil-producing nations） actually call for more creative thinking, not less.
In further examples, the essay shows how technology allows for the linking of ideas that may never have been connected in the past （like medicine and economic models）， pushing people to think in new ways. Examples are persuasive and fully developed; reasoning is logically sound and well supported.
Ideas in the essay are connected logically, with effective transitions used both between paragraphs （”However“ or ”In contrast to the statement“） and within paragraphs. Sentence structure is varied and complex and the essay clearly demonstrates facility with the ”conventions of standard written English （., grammar, usage and mechanics），“ with only minor errors appearing. Thus, this essay meets all the requirements for receiving a top score, a 6.
This statement above put a puzzling question in front of us: Could facts be changed by observers? Some people might sincerely believe that facts are stubborn things, which would not altered by our wishes, inclinations, passions, while other people hold their opinion seriously that human are omnipotent and could change the world as a whole in the direction of their wills. In my opinion, though human beings could recognize, even alter sometimes, facts to some extent, they would not achieve with deviating from the natures of facts.
In the first place, any facts could not maintain in their former situation without any alteration; in another word, facts change at any time without the limitation of observers. Throughout the whole history of human, whether one is willing or not, he or she would come through different stages in his or her life, from birth to neonate to teenager, to adult, to the age, then to death. Though during thousands of years countless people engaged in looking for medicine against death, none had ever succeeded. Therefore, we would not go very far to see that facts develop according to its own nature without interruption, unless science and technology have been advanced enough to turn one elder to a young man, or somewhat taking the river back to its origin. These possibilites would still have to obey the nature of the facts, or vice versa.
In the second place, the observers could recognize the same matter from different aspects of these facts and draw their diverse conclusions. There is a very interesting experiment which would aptly illustrate this point. Image a ball suspended by a string from the ceiling in a house. Two persons would look at this ball from the opposite directions and one person see a red ball with the other green. When they exchange their place, they would see what the other has picked up earlier. From this experiment,we could easily conclude that the recognition of the same item would differ according to the diverse standpoints of observers.
However, facts would be changed by the willingness of human sometimes. Throughout the whole history of human race, enormous amounts of achievements, from the huge pyramids to the Great Wall, from intricate internet to the space station, have illuminated this issue to some degree. We must concede that those unbelievable huge architectures manifest some kind of regulations mastered by human being and human can utilize those underlying principles to meet their demands once having discovered them.
GRE作文范例8
The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper.
”Ever since the 1950's, when television sets began to appear in the average home, the rate of crimes committed by teenagers in the country of Alta has steadily increased. This increase in teenage crime parallels the increase in violence shown on television. According to several national studies, even very young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment than do children who do not watch violent shows. Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the Observer, over 90 percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime-time television--programs that are shown between 7 . and 9 show less violence. Therefore, in order to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers should demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time.“
The author of this editorial states that the rate of teenage crime in the country of Alta has increased along with the increase in violence shown on television, beginning with the 1950's when television was introduced in the average home. In addition, the author states that several national surveys have shown that young children watching violent television programs are more prone to violence than children who do not. The write also says that a survey indicated that ninety percent of parents responding said that prime-time programs should show less violence. Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television watchers should demand a reduction in violence shown during prime time. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
Firstly, the writer equates the rate of increase in teenage crime in Alta to the increase in violence shown on television but gives no causal linkage other than the s
GRE作文素材
Critical thinking is a path to intellectual adventure. Though there are dozens of possible approaches, the process can be boiled down to concrete steps. This article offers some starting points for your journey.
Be willing to say I don t know
Some of the most profound thinkers of our time have practiced the art of critical thinking by using two magic phrases: I don t know and I m not sure yet.
Those are words many people do not like to hear. We live in times when people are criticized for changing their minds. Our society rewards quick answers and quotable sound bites. We re under considerable pressure to utter the truth in 15 seconds or less.
In such a society, it is a courageous and unusual act to pause, to look, to examine, to be thoughtful, to consider many points of view and to not know. When a society embraces half-truths in a blind rush for certainty, commitment to uncertainty can move us forward.
This willingness to give up certainty can be hardest to accept when it comes to notions that seem obvious. Many things are certain, some people say. For example, it s obvious that two plus two equals four.
_All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems._
经典满分范文：
A global university, considered as absorbing foreign students and faculty, cooperating with foreign universities and facing a highly globalized view, is recently being accepted and desired by more and more countries, since it can concentrate the world's most talent intellectuals, so as to gain different perspectives and successful experiences. On the other hand, nowadays world is facing diversified social problems,including poverty, economical reform, terrorism, multi-media globalization,environmental problems and so forth, many of which are interacted between elements separated in different nations, therefore asking for a global sight to analyze and these senses, I think it will serve many nations' interests to develop a global university to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems.
Universities are born to provide nation elite in evey field of it. From ancient GREek forums to nowadays world-top universities, these campuses have never lacked of young students who are eager for knowledge and ideals, as well as experienced and erudite teachers. In both teaching and researchin...
GRE作文范例3
Issue
”People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.“
Sample Essay
Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of ”synergy“, where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.
Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic ”Type A“ personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.
Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic beha