1. prologue
thank you, mr. chairman, for your gracious introduction. i am honored to have the chance to address you on this special occasion. the topic of my paper is “transaction cost and farmers’ choice of agricultural products selling”. the outline of my talk as follows. the first part i want to introduce the background of this research. the second part suggests a simple household choice model .the third part covers the data used in this research. and then, we introduce the empirical results. finally, a simple conclusion is given.
2. introduction
well, let’s move on the first part of this topic .the motivation of this work like this. institutional economics posits that agents making decisions on different types of transactions do so in a costly way .for example , farmers deciding sell a particular crop to whom base their decisions not only on the price they expect to receive in each market choice but also on additional costs related to transacting in these markets.
i want to use a picture to illustrate it. for example, given some market channels, farmers’ choices can be regarded as equilibrium between the surplus and the additional costs that related to transacting .especially in developing countries, high-value crop producers fully participate in the market and the transaction cost has been the hard constraint to farmers. furthermore, farmers’ market choices can be taken as a choice dilemma of transaction cost and production surplus. consequently, the scientific question of this research is how transaction cost affects planters’ choices.
3. methodology
let’s move to the theoretical model of our research. consider a household model in one rotation. in stage 1 , famer η needs to allocate the input factors .this process can qbe set into a function like this q q( p , w , z ) , qη means the output farmers decide qto produce .p implies the output price w implies input price and.z: is fixed input. once produce what and produce how many are decided, next question to be considered is how much products to be transacted in market. here we use three cccη means how functions to describe this question. the first equation, c p , z
much agricultural products used by famers themselves. p implies the price the cagricultural product,z suggests the fluctuation of cη. the second equation q q c, qη means the amount of agricultural products transacted in
qnmarket. the third equationi q implies the amount exchanged in nth time.
in stage 3, farmers will decide to sell the products to whom. chanel j’s market price is
bdecided by an exogenesis price and farmers’ negotiating power.pijp*
jb(qi,zi)besides this, we use a matrix to show the net profit of chanel jx ik ik, ik
and then farmers’ choice can be expressed in a typical choice model
exp(xij)pr(jij|xik)1 exp(xij) k1
based on the choice model, another important concept is famers’ channel choice .here, we set five types .they rank by the market barriers. accordingly, we set a group discrete number to express them. y: dependent variable y=5,means farmer choose
brokers. y=1, farmers sell products to consumers directly.
4. data and estimation procedures
here, we illustrate the data distribution with this map. according to the agricultural regionalization from department of agriculture, the apple specialization areas in china contain two parts: bo sea area and loess plateau. bo sea area in red color, contains hebei, shandong and liaoning 3 provinces. and loess plateau in green color, contains shanxi, henan, shaanxi and gansu 4 provinces. firstly, we use pps method to get the first stage sampling unit 14 counties in 7 provinces. then use random sample method to get village and household. they are our sample distribution.
5. empirical results
6. conclusions
女士们!先生们!欢迎大家来参加心理学学术大会。首先，请允许我向大家介绍今天的特别嘉宾：丁芳教授。丁芳教授来自苏州大学教育学院，是发展与教育心理学方向的导师。丁芳教授的主要研究方向是儿童认知和社会性发展。儿童的认知发展研究是儿童发展心理学的主要研究领域，包括儿童对自然现象的认识，以及社会认知心理理论和儿童的语言的习得等。儿童社会性发展主要用精神分析、社会学习理论和认知发现理论来分别解释儿童社会动机和情感、社会行为及社会认知的发展等心理现象。儿童认知发展水平是其社会性发展的基础， 儿童社会性发展又能促进其认知的发展，两者之间是相辅相成的关系。那么下面让我们有请丁教授，让她向我们详细介绍这一领域的主要内容和她的主要研究成果。
女士们!先生们!欢迎大家来参加心理学学术大会。首先，请允许我向大家介绍今天的特别嘉宾：丁芳教授。丁芳教授来自苏州大学教育学院，是发展与教育心理学方向的导师。丁芳教授的主要研究方向是儿童认知和社会性发展。儿童的认知发展研究是儿童发展心理学的主要研究领域，包括儿童对自然现象的认识，以及社会认知心理理论和儿童的语言的习得等。儿童社会性发展主要用精神分析、社会学习理论和认知发现理论来分别解释儿童社会动机和情感、社会行为及社会认知的发展等心理现象。儿童认知发展水平是其社会性发展的基础， 儿童社会性发展又能促进其认知的发展，两者之间是相辅相成的关系。那么下面让我们有请丁教授，让她向我们详细介绍这一领域的主要内容和她的我主要研究成果。
mr.chairman,ladies and gentlemen , welcome everyone to join psychology academic
conference.first of all,i would like to express my deep appreciation to the organizing committee giving this opportunity for me here possible,then i am also greatly honor to introduce my tutor,professor dingfang. professor ding comes from the education department of soochow university.her main research interests are in children’s cognitive and social development. children's cognitive development is the main areas of child developmentalpsychology research ,that investigates the children's understanding of natural phenomena,social cognition (e.g.theory of mind) and language aqusition in childhood etc.and reaserchers in area of children social development use psychoanalytic theory,social learning theory and cognitive development theory to explain the children's social motivation and emotion, social behavior, social cognition development and other mental phenomena.the level of children's cognitive development is the basis of their social development. in contrast,children's social development contributes to their cognitive development. in a word,both between is complementary relationship. so let's welcome professor ding to give our detailed introduction about main contents in this field and her main research achievements.
thank you very much.
theory-of-mind development is the area of cognitive development
research that investigates the nature and development of our understanding
of the mental world—the inner world inhabited by beliefs,
desires, emotions, thoughts, perceptions, intentions, and other mental
states.
good morning,ladies and gentleman.welcome to harbin,a beautiful northland ice city of china.i’m abc,from school of economics and management of hit.its a very very great pleasure to participate in the 5th international finance conference as the chairman,its my first time to do so.and i really really enjoy being stay here with you this morning.the international finance conference has been held 4th times by cfa institute since 1998. the purpose of the conference is to share our experiences and knowledge in regard to the theory, frontier developments and reaserches, as well as possible applications of them in solving practical problems a lot of current issues have been discussed,and some of them have been effectively soluted..
today,as the first time of the conference debut in this city,we’ll have a unique session.the topic of prepared presentations is the application of quantitative methods in finance ,today’s speakers will share their thoughts on how to effectively run models in different issues and give a reasonable answer.then,we’ll have a q&a session,which allows the everyone to ask some questions you may be interested. i am sure that you will find some topics to be presented both interesting and informative. now,let me introduce the first speaker,who is very very rich,not in dollars,but in knowledges and experiences,he got his ph.d in financial economics at the ucb,followed by a series of teaching and research positions at mit and harvard. please dont hesitate to join me in welcoming our first speaker, prof.syc, whose topic is entitled threshold effect between the scale of shadow banking and the stability of the banking system. welcome.
thank you for the impressive speech .as far as we konw,shadow banking system played an important role in the last financial crisis mainly derived from its high leverage and asymmetric information characteristics.which produced a supervision dilemma.because lack of information, regulators were unable to measure the actual risk of the financial system.it is crucial for to take a further knowledge of approaches to gauge the risk exposure more entirely and more precisely.prof syc has given an eye opener as well as a very meaningful lesson.thank you again,prof syc.
plz alow me to introduce the next speaker, wusiqin,who is the corporate department manager of china construction bank in harbin. she holds a bachelor degree of science in engineering of hit,she also holds a master of business administration of renmin university of china.her topic today is coordinated development trend of china’s science-technology finance and economic growth level.lets welcome miss wu.
thank you for your speech,miss wu. we are delighted to be able to share your new specific strategies and techniques. miss wu’s speech is about frontier science,which is profound and predictive,greatly widen our horizon,as least my horizon. anyway, i would like to express to her the most sincere appreciation
the next speaker,mr.jxs, has hosted a daily tv program with respect to economic issues on the and has appeared on cctv,who is also the author of an upcoming book named .so to speak to you on innovation
capability of high tech enterprises by gray theory, please weclome mr jxs with the warmest applause.
wow what an innovative idea,to quantify the inonovation ability and classify into different categories. try to think about it and you’ ll find its very enlightening. thank you for the excellent presentations and ideas.
now,i ll be very pleased and excited to introduce the next speaker,mrs hujianjie,who is the vice president of cfa institute.to represent the sponsor host unit ,it’s the fifth time for her to be the final presenter.her breadth and depth of knowledge,profound discoveries and distinctive ideas always cause shock at the conference.today,mrs hu will address you on relationship between stock liquidity and asset liquidity of listed companies,i cant wait to her inspiring ideas. welcome!!!
thank you very much for the extremely enlightening presentation. generally,we wanna investigate the correlation of asset liquidity and stock liquidity, thereby linking stock liquidity to corporate finance decisions.but the relationship between asset liquidity and stock liquidity is ambiguous.in her speech, mrs hu introduce a useful model to explore the ambiguous relationship,which may shed new light on the importance of firm’s investment and financing decisions.
ladies and gentleman,our distinguished speakers hv finished their presentations,we now enter into the question and answer session.during this session,prof.syc,miss.wu,mr.jxs,mrs.hujianjie and i will be very happy to answer as many of your questions as we could.
are there any questions
ok,well,i m sorry to say that this session will have to stop here.thank you for your questions.i hope this was as good a session for you as it was for us.
ladies and gentlemen,
i shall end here by thanking you for coming to the the 5th international finance conference. i hope that you have benefited much from the conference and from discussions with colleagues.
i would like to thank mrs.hu and the cfa institute for offering me the opportunity to be the chairman.
thanks to everybody who has contributed to the conference and all other participants.thank you for your time and attendance.
ladies and gentlemen, you have my best wishes for your still greater achievements in your career. now, i declare the conference closed.lets meet again in beijing in 20xx.
开场
各位优秀的合作伙伴，大家上午好：
好，谢谢大家的配合，今天哪，咱大家来到这里咱大家就是一个团队，说团队讲的就是一致性，当我向大家问好时，大家的回应能不能更加响亮，更加一致呢!现在我跟大家分享一个问候方式，当我问候大家好的时候，我希望大家回应我的不只是一个好字，而是：好!很好!非常好!好吗各位?我看谁的声音最大，声音越是大的老板今年你的钱包就越大。 各位优秀的合作伙伴，大家上午好：
就凭这一句我相信今年各位老板的钱包一定会大大的、满满的。
很高兴今天能站在这里与大家一同学习，也很高兴在这里与大家相识，今天也有幸请到了公司的几位领导在这呢做个自我介绍，我姓张 叫 帅，是咱福源集团重点品牌市场部的一员，虽然我叫张帅，但是长的帅不帅这个是大家说的算，我相信群众的眼光是雪亮的，大家觉得我长得还可以就请大家给我来电点掌声。 谢谢大家，谢谢大家对我的鼓励与支持。
今天呢、感谢各位老板在百忙之中抽时间来参加我们福源集团举办的“技术拔尖营”我们的技术拔尖营截至目前已经成功举办34期，受益的学员达三千多人，直接影响终端养殖户上万人。我们技术拔尖营的开展，一来是为了更好的去帮助各位老板维护好你的客户，让您在下边有一个大的客户群体，而来是帮助各位老板发展好门店，让大家的生意越做越大，也能够让大家与教授面对面的交流、沟通、探讨，从而增强大家的致富本能。在此之前不知道大家对我们福源了解多少?我想问一下大家都与福源合作多长时间了?你感觉我们福源怎么样?究竟我们福源集团是一个什么样的集团呢?那下面了我们就通过宣传片对我们公司进行简单的了解。。。。。。。。。。。。宣传片看完了，我相信我们福源集团什么样子在大家的心目中已经有了一个简单的印象，在这里呢我们福源集团也敢说我们福源集团是有能力帮助大家发展好您的事业，因为我们有一个足够大的平台，当您在发展中遇到问题时候，您可以通过我们的市场部，以及公司的各种资源来解决您的问题，我们也会尽全力去帮助您，去支持您。
在这呢我想问大家一个问题，各位老板对您下边的养殖户，以及当地市场的信息有了解有多少?这位老板，您知道您下边您的核心客户有多少吗?您当地市场的存栏量有多少?其实这些问题应该说是各位必须掌握的，但是呢，有多少老板都对自己客户的基本情况都不了解，前段都遇见过这样一个客户，我们的市场推广人员去给他做市场的推广活动，他的年销量也就是三四十万，我们的推广人员到哪里之后先做当地的市场调研，发现当地存栏量要比经销商说的要大得多，而且用药量也非常大，最后我们一个市场推广活动收回预存款将近40万，一下子盘活了整个市场，最后经销商激动地说我想都想不到当地市场有这么大的存栏量，也没有想到这种鸡有这么大的用药量，其实你掌握当地的基本情况是非常重要的，这有利于你针对当地市场制定你门店发展的策略，现在呢我们公司针对帮助各位经销商针对终端的市场推广活动也受到了各个地区的一致好评，在场的各位如果你还在为你大量的库存而苦恼，为在当地推广难而烦忧的话你就可以与我们的业务人员，与公司方面联系，我们将派我们专业的市场推广人员来为您排忧解难。
宣布课堂纪律
好各位，说了这么多，今天我们究竟是来干什么的，我们今天是来学习的，大家说是还不是?那么一个好的学习环境对我们学习效果是不是很有帮助?
那请各位全体起立，拿出你们最酷最炫的手机，跟我做一个动作，把你的手机用左手高高举起，举得又高又直的就是高手，然后右手搭在你右边朋友的肩膀上，边拍他的肩膀边跟我一起说：在讲课的过程中，如果我们的手机响起，我就把它送给你，成功者言行一致，说到做到。
大家要不要把自己的手机送给别人?(不愿意)那好，现在给大家10秒种的时间把手机调整为关闭或静音，振动状态。有句话叫“既来之，则安之”各位老板在生活工作中也是非常的忙，今天既然来了就就好好的放松一下，当然你也给你的手机稍稍的放上一天的假。在今天整个学习过程中，也请大家不要随意来回走动，交头接耳，不
要中途退场，咱每个课程完毕后回留给大家休息的时间，感谢大家的配合。
今天咱请到的教授是。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。下面以热烈的掌声欢迎我们。。。。教
授。
下午
各位老板中午吃好喝好了吗?好，大家能吃饱喝好就行，今天下午在会议正式开
始培训之前呢，我们做一个小小的游戏，这个游戏有助于我们将来家庭更幸福、事业更成功。
当我们做游戏的时候要不要全力以赴，要还是不要?
因为成功是一种习惯对吗?
好，请大家双手打开，十指张开，(很好)，现在呢，听我数数数到123的时候，
大家迅速用力的把双手交叉，叩在一起，各位请注意，速度要快，声音要大，叩起来就不要动。各位当我数到几的时候?(3)，大家全力以赴，准备好了，速度要快，声音要大，
准备。一、二(主持拍手)，各位我说三了吗?为什么大家都动了，大家说我你
好坏，因为你动了，所以我们都动了。
各位说明一个问题哦，在这个世界上大多数的人都非常相信自己所看到的，不太
相信自己所听到的，对吗各位?
各位，请问大家，要想成为一流棒的管理者，要想成为一流棒的推销员，要不要
先成为一流棒的倾听者，要还是不要?
所以在座的各位，我们再练习一下自己的耳朵，双手再一次的打开了，准备好，
全力以赴，准备，一、二(拍手)，又有很多人上当了，又说明了一个问题，很多人经常会在同样的一个地方跌到多次，对吗，
各位?各位请问大家了，你们觉得一个人是年轻一点成功点好一点，还是老掉牙
成功好一点，
所以更年轻更成功的关键就是，不要在同样的地方跌倒多次，好不好?
事不过三，大家再来一次，双手打开了，准备，一、二、三，叩起来不要动，低
下头来，看看你们的大拇指手指头，测试一下成功的级数，低头看一下，
各位注意啦，左手大拇指压在右手大拇指以上的朋友请把手举一下，举高一点，
各位我要非常恭喜的告诉大家，具科学家两万次以上的统计，像你们这样的朋友都非常非常的成功，请给自己掌声鼓励一下。各位，千万不要换手指头，那么，右手大拇指压在左手大拇指以上的朋友请把手举得越高越好了，各位，我要更加恭喜的告诉大家，像你们这样的朋友非常非常容易的赚大钱。
那么，有没有第三种情况的，当手指合起来，手指一边平的，有没有?举手，我
们仔细看一下，具心理学家一万次的统计，像你们这样的朋友属于既成功又能挣大钱的朋友，热烈掌声鼓励一下。
所以各位，我们一个人生存在这个世界上，他活的状态重不重要?一个人不管有
多成功，有多幸福，多有钱，他最后追求的境界都是两个字——快乐。所以从认识张帅这一时起，大家把这种快乐永远的持续下去，好吗?来，给自己一个世界级快乐的掌声。
下面呢，我们每人发一张纸，把您在你的养殖中遇到的问题都写在纸上，一会咱教授会针对咱的的个问题给大家一一的解决。咱这个技术拔尖营就是帮广大养殖伙伴解决问题的，咱教授也是来跟大家分享多年的养殖经验的，所以咱们要充分的把握今天这个机会，将您在养殖中的问题写出来，然后解决掉。好把咱的问题都收一下。
今天下午咱的会议正式开始，下面以我们热烈的掌声欢迎我们的。。。教授。
订货
大家说咱的老师讲的好不好?那就再用我们热烈的掌声欢送一下我们的老师，今天老师讲了那么多，大家究竟能收获多少?其实大家能学到东西这是最重要的，这也是一笔财富，虽然
是无形的财富但是这是大家最需要的，今天公司不但给大家带来无形的财富，而且也给大家带来了最优惠的公司政策，只要您，，，，，，就能，，，，，，，，今天大家能在百忙之中抽出时间来参与我们的技术拔尖营，这是对我们最大的支持，我们也知道大家都是比较忙的，会议呢也占用了大家了一天的时间，所以我们公司也拿出自己的诚意，您只需，，，，，就能，，，，，，机会只有今天一天，而且这个优惠政策只针对今天参会的各位老板，时间也只有今天一天，机会也只有今天这一次。